The two terms describe apparently similar materials that, added mediante small quantities, can modify the properties of the starting mixture

A(3) The additives (

In modern terminology, the additive is a material “added mediante small quantities onesto per liquid or granular material preciso produce some desired modification esatto its characteristics” (ISO 6707–1:2020), while the admixture is verso material “added con small quantities before or during per missaggio process con order sicuro modify the characteristics of per mixture”. However, the difference between the two terms lies mainly mediante that the additive is added during the manufacturing of the cement, while the admixture is added sicuro the concrete during mixing. Moreover, the Adouci EN 934–2 standard states that the admixture for concrete should be con an amount not greater than 5% by mass, compared with the cement. Therefore, under the current rules, the additif of materials, such as ground ceramic fragments, durante considerable proportions would fall into the category of aggregates and not that of additives.

However, one of come per vedere chi si ama sul gaydar senza pagare the main aims of the archaeometric study on ancient mortars and plasters is puro reconstruct the production’s phases and the supply modalities of each component. In this case, the term additive, used in its etymological sense (from addere, onesto add) has the advantage of clearly recalling the difference between a primary component (frequently sand) and an added component (i.e. the additive) mediante the aggregate. This is the meaning we have given preciso the term additive durante this article. Still, the explanation provided above accounts for the fact that modern terminology partly overlaps and partly articulates itself differently, based on the contemporary world’s different needs. It follows that, as long as terminological uncertainties persist, it is always good puro specify the choice made per the description of the results.

Hence, after having accurately characterised the main components (aggregate and binder), the following question concerns the possible presence of additives: “are there any deliberately added materials?”. If yes: “which types of materials were added?” and “where did they che tipo di from or how were they made?” (other questions concern suitability and functionality and are reported in the dedicated paragraphs).

Onesto properly solve this question, it is necessary, perhaps even more than per previous cases, puro know which types of additives were used preciso facilitate-or even allow-their identification during the analysis of the “study’s object”

The addenda of inclusions puro improve the final product’s impresa was per common practice that frequently left recognisable traces con literary sources and archaeological evidence. Consequently, citable examples are numerous and provide us with an extremely varied picture in which inorganic and organic materials are enlisted. Therefore, it is possible onesto formulate the characterisation question mediante terms of: “are the additives of an inorganic or organic nature?” (we will see later that there are additional difficulties in this second case).

For this reason, we present a shortlist of inorganic and organic additives (and admixtures); however, we refer preciso the other contributions for the necessary insights on their characteristics and properties (Arizzi and Cultrone 2021; Ergenc et al. 2021).

Beginning with inorganic additives, the most common were natural and artificial pozzolans that are defined as “siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials which con themselves possess little or in nessun caso cementitious value but will, in finely divided form and per the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures esatto form compounds possessing cementitious properties” (Dodson 1990).

Natural pozzolans are volcanic origin materials, such as the volcanic ashes from the region of Pozzuoli from which they take their name (pozzolan s.s.). These are often found in the mortars/plasters of sites located within or close preciso volcanic regions (Pizzo et al. 2009; Ozkaya and Boke 2009; Villasenor and Graham 2010; Kurugol and Gulec 2012), but when they are found mediante sites far from supply areas, archaeometric research is called upon onesto localise their origin and reconstruct the trade routes that allowed their import and usage. The provenance question may thus remain confined to the scale of the site and its territory or expand preciso long-scale range imports and ciclocross other issues such as those concerning the methods and extent of the marketing of raw materials con verso given period (addirittura.g. “what was the diffusion of these materials?”; “what were the routes and commercial methods involved durante the transport of these important raw materials?”).